Methods and devices for simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation of a target

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is generally directed to methods and devices for the precise and simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation of a target, such as mammalian cells and/or nanostructures.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/235,803, filed Oct. 1, 2015, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to methods and devices forthe precise and simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillatingmagnetic field radiation of a target, such as mammalian cells and/ornanostructures.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Light therapy, when administered through a particular emission mode, iscapable of eliciting biological effects and thus is used as a classtherapeutic modality. Further, nanostructures made from materials withmagnetic properties are attractive possibilities for designing novelnano-platforms for therapeutic applications, with the help of remotelytunable magnetic actuation processes.

Remote-controlled magnetic actuation techniques for various nano-devicescan be broadly categorized in two different types: (a) static or directcurrent (DC) magnetic field dependent actuation, and (b) oscillating, oralternating current (AC) magnetic field induced actuation. Theapplication of the static or gradient magnetic field has been performedprimarily in the areas of magnetic separation, magnetic force basedimmunoassay, magnetic force-based neurite elongation from the modelneuronal cells, and for localization/targeting of the magneticnanostructures in the intracellular environment. On the other hand,oscillating magnetic field based actuations have been performed in theareas of magnetic hyperthermia for potential cancer treatment,controlled release of therapeutic agents into or near the target cells,and to modulate the intracellular pathways for controlling variouscellular functions.

Since both optical and magnetic actuation can modulate the cellularpathways individually, but have their respective individual drawbacks,there is a need to augment the effectiveness of these approaches byaptly combining the optical and the magnetic actuation, especially inthe field of tissue repair/regeneration or in cancer treatment. Thepresent disclosure achieves this goal by using a highly specific andnovel set-up of a device for precise and simultaneous opticalirradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation of mammalian cellsthat enables one to conduct, modulate, and fine-tune simultaneousoptical and AC magnetic field exposure and actuation of culturedmammalian cells and/or nanostructures.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for irradiation of amammalian cell is disclosed. The method comprises exposing the cell tooptical irradiation, and simultaneously exposing the cell to oscillatingmagnetic field radiation. The simultaneous optical irradiation andoscillating magnetic field radiation occur within an incubator-actuatordevice.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, an incubator-actuatordevice for simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magneticfield radiation of a mammalian cell is disclosed. The device comprises asample chamber, a magnetic field generating coil, and, a light-emittingdiode (LED) placement cage.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for simultaneousoptical irradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation of amammalian cell is disclosed. The system comprises an incubator-actuatordevice comprising a sample chamber, a magnetic field generating coil anda light-emitting diode (LED) placement cage; and, a laser.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a method forirradiation of a nanostructure is disclosed. The method comprisesexposing the nanostructure to optical irradiation, and simultaneouslyexposing the nanostructure to oscillating magnetic field radiation. Thesimultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magnetic fieldradiation occur within an incubator-actuator device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a device for generatingcombinations of magnetic and optical stimulation in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of a device for generatingcombinations of magnetic and optical stimulation in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of a device for generatingcombinations of magnetic and optical stimulation in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4A is an exemplary embodiment of the effect of irradiation time andtemperature on a sample in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG.4B is an exemplary embodiment of the effect of irradiation time andtemperature on a sample in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG.4C is an exemplary embodiment of the effect of irradiation time andtemperature on a sample in accordance with the present disclosure. FIG.4D is an exemplary embodiment of the effect of irradiation time andtemperature on a sample in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

In the present disclosure, the inventors have found a way, for examplethrough the development of novel nanoparticles, which can potentiallycarry a photo/magnetic stimulative effect on tissue repair or neuronalgrowth and guidance, to elicit significant biological effects. Morespecifically, the inventors have created devices and methods thatsimultaneously regulate the optical and magnetic stimulation to treatvarious therapeutic conditions and achieve a combinatorial treatment.The devices are used for simultaneous optical and magnetic stimulationof a target, such as a cell, and, further, are used in combination withthe delivery of externally tunable nanostructures. The devices/methodspresent an alternative to other treatment methods, such as, for example,low level laser therapy.

In some embodiments disclosed herein, mammalian cells are simultaneouslyexposed to varying combinations of optical and oscillating magneticfield excitation—thereby creating synergistic actuation strategies thatcombine and augment the positive outcomes of opto-magnetic excitationand nano-vector stimulation on intracellular pathways. This strategy iseffective in axon growth and neural circuit reconstruction research, or,in efficient killing of cancer cells. The idea is further implemented toperform the nano-scale energy transfer to the targeted cells. Such aframework also controls intracellular functions by controlling the flowof the excitation energy on the cells. These results may changetreatment potentials for diseases that involve endothelium damage ifused appropriately.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the responses (e.g., specificabsorption rate or SAR) of magnetic or optically responsivenanostructures exposed to simultaneous optical and oscillating magneticfield excitations are characterized and quantified. Moreover, therelease profile of various drug/protein molecules from various smartmicro- or nano-structures under the influence of opto-magnetic actuationis assessed.

Previously known methods, such as magnetic hyperthermia of model cells,low level laser/LED therapy, or photo-thermal delivery ofnanostructures/therapeutic agents are performed in one set-up inaccordance with the present disclosure.

The present disclosure is thus directed to devices and methods for theprecise and simultaneous optical irradiation and magnetic fieldradiation of mammalian cells and/or nanostructures.

As used herein, “radiation” refers to the emission or transmission ofenergy in the form of waves or particles through space or through amaterial medium. These include, for example, electromagnetic radiation(also known as “continuum radiation”), gamma rays, radio waves, visiblelight and x-rays. Particle radiation, such as, for example, alpha-,beta- and neutron radiation (discrete energy per particle) is alsocovered under the term. Further, acoustic radiation, such as, forexample, ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves (dependent on interveningmass for transmission) are included under the term as well.

As used herein, the term “irradiation” refers to the therapeutic ordiagnostic use of radiation. Irradiation refers generally to opticalillumination.

In one embodiment, a method for irradiation of a mammalian cell isdisclosed, the method comprises exposing the cell to optical irradiationand simultaneously exposing the cell to oscillating magnetic fieldradiation.

In some embodiments, the simultaneous optical irradiation andoscillating magnetic field radiation occurs within an incubator-actuatordevice.

The incubator-actuator device conducts simultaneous optical irradiationand magnetic field radiation of cells, such as mammalian cells, as wellas nanostructures. The device comprises a sample chamber, a magneticfield generating coil, and a light-emitting diode (LED) placement cage.In some embodiments, the device further comprises a glass window, afiber optic thermometer, a laser irradiation path, a temperaturecontrolling unit, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, thetemperature controlling unit controls the temperature within the deviceto be from about 15° C. to about 50° C., from about 20° C. to about 40°C., or from about 23° C. to about 37° C.

The present disclosure is also directed to a system for the simultaneousoptical irradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation of a cell,such as a mammalian cell, and/or a nanostructure. The system comprisesan incubator-actuator device comprising a sample chamber, a magneticfield generating coil and an LED placement cage; and, a laser.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a beam expander, alaser stop, a function generator, an oscilloscope, an amplifier, aheating unit, a computer, a laser power source, a temperature probe, andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the device of the systemfurther comprises a glass window, a fiber optic thermometer, a laserirradiation path, a temperature controlling unit, and combinationsthereof. The temperature controlling unit of the device in the systemcontrols the temperature within the device to be from about 15° C. toabout 50° C., from about 20° C. to about 40° C., or from about 23° C. toabout 37° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is controlled forvarious nanoscale characterizations, especially in the area ofmicrofluidics and/or drug delivery, where the release of severaltherapeutic agents are performed between room and physiologicaltemperatures.

The sample chamber holds tissue culture tubes. Inside the samplechamber, in some embodiments, B35 neuroblastoma cells/PC12 cells arecultured and/or nano-carriers are colloidally dispersed. In someembodiments, the glass window is a high performance glass window locatedat a front wall of the device for transmitting the laser irradiationduring moderate/high level optical stimulation.

In some embodiments, a circuit is used and the circuit utilizes acapacitor bank in series with an inductor coil and a 0.5 ohm resistor.The magnetic field is modified by changing the capacitor and/or the coilinductance.

The device further comprises a top and a bottom panel that areremovable, which allows the samples within the chamber to be switched.In some embodiments, the device is attached to a base of the laser. Insome embodiments, black absorbent tape material is used to confine thelaser exposure to specific areas. In some embodiments, the electronicsand the laser system are mounted at a distance from the incubator toprevent and/or mitigate potential interferences that create fluctuationsof the magnetic field intensity during measurements.

In accordance with the present disclosure, in some embodiments, the beamexpander expands the beam diameter that is directly coming from thelaser (to minimize damage from laser irradiation), the laser producesoptical excitation to the target(s) (e.g., AuNPs) for remote heating,the function generator generates different types of electrical waveformsover a wide range of frequencies, the computer records sample(nanocarrier or mammalian cell culture media) temperature responsesduring optical-AC magnetic field combined (or separate) actuation, aswell as reading other responses, for example—light intensity,temperature inside the incubator during experiment, etc; and, theoscilloscope displays and analyzes the waveform of electronic signals.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a system 1 in accordance with thepresent disclosure. The system 1 comprises a laser 2, a beam expander 3,a laser stop 4, a temperature probe 5, a computer 6, a heating element 7and an incubator-actuator device 8. The device 8 comprises an AC/DCmagnetic field generator 13. FIG. 3 is another exemplary embodiment ofcomponents of a system in accordance with the present disclosure, thesystem comprising a laser 2, a beam expander 3, an amplifier 14, anoscilloscope 15, a function generator 16, and a laser power source 17.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of the incubator-actuator device 8 asa component of the system 1. The device 8 comprises a sample chamber 9,an AC/DC magnetic field generating coil 10, a laser irradiation path 11,and an LED placement cage 12.

In operation, the laser exposes a target to optical irradiation. Thetarget can be, for example, a mammalian cell and/or a nanostructure. Insome embodiments, the laser travels through a beam expander. In someembodiments, after travelling through the beam expander and irradiatingthe target, the laser hits a laser stop, which prevents the laser fromfurther moving.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the optical irradiationis selected from the group consisting of LED-induced opticalirradiation, ultraviolet-visible-induced optical irradiation, nearinfra-red (NIR)-induced optical irradiation, and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, the optical irradiation has an intensity of lessthan about 2 mW/cm². In other embodiments, the optical irradiation hasan intensity of from about 0 mW/cm² to about 1,000 mW/cm², or from about2 mW/cm² to about 1,000 mW/cm². In some embodiments, the opticalirradiation occurs at a wavelength between about 450 nm to about 675 nm,between about 450 nm to about 500 nm, or between about 620 nm to about660 nm.

The optical irradiation range can be altered by a user by selecting aless or more powerful light irradiation source. For LED irradiation, insome embodiments, the range is increased by order of magnitude (e.g., atleast up to 20 mW/cm²) by reducing the distance between the LED sourceand the sample chamber.

In some embodiments, for example for cancer cell destruction, a higherintensity (more than about 50 mW of laser power) is used. For neuralregeneration or wound healing, micro watts or less than about 2 mW/cm²optical intensities are used. For neural regeneration, wavelengths offrom about 450 nm to about 675 nm, between about 450 nm to about 500 nm,or between about 620 nm to about 660 nm are used.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the laser has a power offrom about 100 mW to about 500 mW, from about 200 mW to about 400 mW, orfrom about 250 mW to about 350 mW.

In addition to the optical irradiation that is being applied to thetarget, the target is also simultaneously exposed to an oscillatingmagnetic field radiation. In some embodiments, the magnetic field has anintensity of from about 0 Oe to about 150 Oe, from about 0 Oe to about20 Oe, from about 10 Oe to about 150 Oe, or from about 40 Oe to about 60Oe. In some embodiments, the magnetic field has a frequency of fromabout 0 kHz to about 1000 kHz, from about 50 kHz to about 500 kHz, fromabout 60 kHz to about 200 kHz, or from about 200 kHz to about 400 kHz.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, the target to besimultaneously exposed to the optical irradiation and the magnetic fieldradiation is a nanostructure. In particular, a method is disclosed forirradiation of a nanostructure, wherein the method comprises exposingthe nanostructure to optical irradiation and simultaneously exposing thenanostructure to oscillating magnetic field radiation.

In some embodiments, the method of irradiation of the nanostructureoccurs with an incubator-actuator device as described elsewherethroughout this application, including the various embodiments disclosedthroughout this application.

In some embodiments, the nanostructures comprise a shell encapsulatingat least one nanoparticle. The shell comprises a material selected fromthe group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol(PEG) and derivatives thereof, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), tannic acid,dextran, dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one nanoparticle is at least onemagnetic nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the at least one magneticnanoparticle comprises at least one of gold, ferric oxide, magnetite,maghemite, gadolinium-doped cobalt ferrite, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the shell comprises PVP and the at least onenanoparticle comprises gold. In some embodiments, the shell has athickness of from about 2 nm to about 200 nm, from about 5 nm to about50 nm, from about 40 nm to about 150 nm, or from about 2 nm to about 10nm.

In some embodiments, the shell encapsulates a single nanoparticle ormultiple nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the at least onenanoparticle has a size of from about 5 nm to about 100 nm, or fromabout 8 nm to about 20 nm. In some embodiments, the at least onenanoparticle has a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 270 nm, fromabout 5 nm to about 10 nm, or from about 210 nm to about 270 nm.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the shell has at leastone additive loaded or attached thereon. In some embodiments, the atleast one additive is a drug molecule. In some embodiments, thenanostructures release a therapeutic agent, and methods disclosed hereininclude measuring a release profile of a therapeutic agent from thenanostructures. The methods also further include characterizing ananostructure response to the simultaneous optical irradiation andmagnetic field radiation. The methods disclosed herein further includequantifying a nanostructure response to the simultaneous opticalirradiation and oscillating magnetic field radiation.

In some embodiments, a PEG analogue based core-shell magneticnano-reservoir system is disclosed. The system is based on ferromagneticnanoparticles encapsulated within a thermo-activated polymer networkthat is non-toxic, anti-immunogenic and possesses a higher Young'smodulus than other polymer networks, such as, for example, apoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) network system. The polymeric shellacts as a reservoir, for example, for drug molecules, while the magneticcore is a nano-source of heat. Thus, the release of imbibed drugmolecules is initiated from the tunable excipient by causing volumetricshrinkage of the polymer network when exposed to the oscillatingmagnetic field.

In some embodiments, to generate the simultaneous optical stimulation,colloidally stable gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) having a particle size offrom about 10 nm to about 50 nm, from about 15 nm to about 35 nm, about10 nm, or about 20 nm are used. These AuNPs are selected with absorptionpeaks near about 520 nm. The incubator-actuator device of the presentdisclosure generates an alternating magnetic field with varyingintensity and frequency range and optical irradiation into the targetcell culture media when the power source is switched on.

The relaxation losses of the thermos-responsive core-shellnanostructures are then quantified. Field and frequency dependenttemperature modulation of the target cells demonstrated the lossmechanism primarily related to the Brown relaxation. In someembodiments, optically induced losses from the gold nanoparticles wereprecisely regulated using a nanoparticle concentration of from about 2μg/mL to about 10 μg/mL, or about 6 μg/mL in the culture media. As aresult, magnetic and optical induced heating were performed using thesame device inside the reaction vessel. For these excitations,temperature changes ranging from about 1° C. to about 5° C., or about 3°C. were achieved, and the temperatures were regulated within about 1° C.by modulating magnetic field, frequency and/or optical irradiation. Theability to induce controlled localized magnetic and optical actuationwhile allowing sustained release of therapeutic agents from thenanocarriers makes this system attractive for various biomedicalapplications, especially for tumor regression, wound healing or neuronalregeneration therapy.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the simultaneous opticalirradiation and magnetic field radiation has a therapeutic applicationto the target, such as, for example, a mammalian cell. In someembodiments, the therapeutic application to the target is selected fromthe group consisting of tissue repair, wound healing, neuralregeneration, neural circuit reconstruction, destroying cancer cells,regulating cell proliferation, regulating cell differentiation, tumorregression, facilitating neurite outgrowth of nerve cells, repairingendothelial cells, release profile of a drug, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the following therapeutic applications andapproaches are disclosed: combined (optical and AC magnetic field)hyperthermia at low, moderate, and high intensities for cancer cells;low level photo-magnetic exposure (therapy) for wound healingapplications; low level photo-magnetic stimulation (to facilitateneurite outgrowth) of nerve cells; photo-magnetic exposure (i.e.,nano-scale photo-magnetic energy exposure) of damaged endothelial cells;characterizing and quantifying the responses (e.g., specific absorptionrate or SAR) of magnetic or optically responsive nanostructures exposedto simultaneous optical and oscillating magnetic field excitations;release profile of various drugs (for example—cancer drugs forchemotherapy, therapeutic proteins) that are loaded inside the polymericnanoparticles or other smart nanostructures; and combinations thereof.

The types of mammalian cells that can be used for various experimentsinclude (but are not limited to) the following: various cancer cells,model neuronal cells, such as, for example, PC12 and various primaryneurons, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, etc.

EXAMPLES

The following examples describe or illustrate various embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Other embodiments within the scope of the appendedclaims will be apparent to a skilled artisan considering thespecification or practice of the disclosure as described herein. It isintended that the specification, together with the examples, beconsidered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the disclosurebeing indicated by the claims, which follow the examples.

Example 1

In this example, the effect of magnetic field intensity in combinationwith a constant frequency on mammalian cells in culture was studied. Thedevice used for the example was an incubator-actuator device inaccordance with the present disclosure that generated an alternatingmagnetic field with varying intensity into the target. A polyethyleneglycol (PEG) analogue-based core-shell magnetic nano-reservoir systemwas designed.

Three sample targets were the focus of the example: (1) 400 μg/ml ofmagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs); (2) 200 μg/ml of MNPs; and, (3) deionizedwater. The MNPs were ferromagnetic nanoparticles encapsulated within athermo-activated polymer network that is non-toxic, anti-immunogenic andpossesses a higher Young's modulus. The sample targets were subjected tomagnetic field intensities of 40 Oe and 60 Oe, respectively, with themagnetic field radiation frequency constant at 120 kHz. The targets weresuspended in cell culture PC 12 neuronal model media.

FIG. 4A is a graphical depiction of the results of an oscillatingmagnetic field radiation of the targets at a field intensity of 40 Oeand a frequency of 120 kHz measured as the temperature change (K) of thetargets over irradiation time (minutes). As can be seen from FIG. 4A, asthe irradiation time of the targets increased, the temperature changeincreased as well for the two MNP samples, but not for the deionizedwater sample (which had minimal to no temperature increase). The samplewith the highest MNP concentration (i.e., 400 μg/ml) had the greatestincrease in temperature change.

FIG. 4B is a graphical depiction of the results of an oscillatingmagnetic field radiation of the targets at a field intensity of 60 Oeand a frequency of 120 kHz measured as the temperature change (K) of thetargets over irradiation time (minutes). As can be seen from FIG. 4B, asthe irradiation time of the targets increased, the temperature changeincreased as well for the two MNP samples, but not for the deionizedwater sample (which had minimal to no temperature increase). The samplewith the highest MNP concentration (i.e., 400 μg/ml) had the greatestincrease in temperature change.

As can be seen in the comparison of FIG. 4A to 4B, an increase in thefield intensity from 40 Oe to 60 Oe led to an increased temperature inthe samples tested. The temperatures were regulated within plus or minus1° C. by modulating the magnetic field and/or frequency.

Example 2

In this example, the effect of a simultaneous optical irradiation andmagnetic field radiation on mammalian cells in culture was studied. Thedevice used for the example was an incubator-actuator device inaccordance with the present disclosure that generated an alternatingmagnetic field with varying intensity into the target. A polyethyleneglycol (PEG) analogue-based core-shell magnetic nano-reservoir systemwas designed.

Three sample targets were the focus of the example: (1) 4 μg/ml of goldnanoparticles (AuNPs); (2) 2 μg/ml of AuNPs; and, (3) deionized water.The AuNPs were colloidally stable AuNPs with a particle size of about 10nm and absorption peaks near about 520 nm. The sample targets weresubjected to an optical irradiation at a laser power of 300 mW. In thesecond set of samples, however, the AuNP targets were combined withvarious concentration levels of MNPs, such that the targets had thefollowing makeup: 1) 2 μg/ml of AuNPs and 400 μg/ml of MNPs; (2) 2 μg/mlof AuNPs and 200 μg/ml of MNPs; and, (3) deionized water. The MNPs wereferromagnetic nanoparticles encapsulated within a thermo-activatedpolymer network that is non-toxic, anti-immunogenic and possesses ahigher Young's modulus. Further, the second set of sample targets weresubjected to a simultaneous exposure to both the 300 mW of optical laserirradiation and 60 Oe of a magnetic field radiation intensity. Thetargets were suspended in cell culture PC 12 neuronal model media.

FIG. 4C is a graphical depiction of the results of an opticalirradiation of the targets at a laser power of 300 mW measured as thetemperature change (K) of the targets over irradiation time (minutes).As can be seen from FIG. 4C, as the irradiation time of the targetsincreased, the temperature change increased as well for the two AuNPsamples, but not for the deionized water sample (which had minimal to notemperature increase). The sample with the highest AuNP concentration(i.e., 4 μg/ml) had the greatest increase in temperature change.

FIG. 4D is a graphical depiction of the results of a simultaneousoptical irradiation (laser power of 300 mW) and magnetic field radiation(field intensity of 60 Oe) measured as the temperature change (K) of thetargets over irradiation time (minutes). As can be seen from FIG. 4D, asthe irradiation time of the targets increased, the temperature changeincreased as well for the two AuNP/MNP samples, but not for thedeionized water sample (which had minimal to no temperature increase).The sample with the highest MNP concentration (i.e., 400 μg/ml) had thegreatest increase in temperature change.

As can be seen in the comparison of FIG. 4C to 4D, a significantincrease in temperature occurred for the 200 μg/ml MNP sample thatincluded 2 μg/ml of AuNPs. Moreover, as compared to the samples thatinclude just the AuNPs, the addition of MNPs to the AuNPs resulted in anincrease in temperature change as well, especially with respect to the 2μg/ml sample. Thus, the combined actuation yielded a greater temperaturechange in the culture media. By tuning the intensity of the magneticfield and optical irradiation, cell proliferation and/or differentiationwas regulated.

Equivalents and Scope

In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of thedisclosure are achieved and other advantageous results attained. Asvarious changes could be made in the above processes and compositeswithout departing from the scope of the disclosure, it is intended thatall matter contained in the above description and shown in theaccompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in alimiting sense.

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the variousversions, embodiment(s) or aspects thereof, the articles “a”, “an”,“the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of theelements. It is also noted that the terms “comprising”, “including”,“having” or “containing” are intended to be open and permits theinclusion of additional elements or steps.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for irradiation of a mammalian cell, themethod comprising: exposing the cell to optical irradiation, andsimultaneously exposing the cell to oscillating magnetic fieldradiation; wherein the simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillatingmagnetic field radiation occur within an incubator-actuator device. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a sample chamber, amagnetic field generating coil, and a light-emitting diode (LED)placement cage.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnetic field hasan intensity of from about 0 Oe to about 150 Oe.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the magnetic field has a frequency of from about 0 kHz toabout 1000 kHz.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the opticalirradiation has an intensity of from about 0 mW/cm² to about 1000mW/cm².
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical irradiation occursat a wavelength between about 450 nm to about 675 nm.
 7. A method forirradiation of a nanostructure, the method comprising: exposing thenanostructure to optical irradiation, and simultaneously exposing thenanostructure to oscillating magnetic field radiation; wherein thesimultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magnetic fieldradiation occur within an incubator-actuator device.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the device comprises a sample chamber, a magnetic fieldgenerating coil, and a light-emitting diode (LED) placement cage.
 9. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the magnetic field has an intensity of fromabout 0 Oe to about 150 Oe.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein themagnetic field has a frequency of from about 0 kHz to about 1000 kHz.11. The method of claim 7, wherein the optical irradiation has anintensity of from about 0 mW/cm² to about 1000 mW/cm².
 12. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the optical irradiation occurs at a wavelength betweenabout 450 nm to about 675 nm.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein thenanostructure comprises a shell encapsulating at least one nanoparticle.14. The method of claim 7, wherein the shell comprises a materialselected from the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),polyethylene glycol (PEG) and derivatives thereof,poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), tannic acid, dextran, dimercaptosuccinicacid (DMSA) and combinations thereof.
 15. The method of claim 7, whereinthe at least one nanoparticle is at least one magnetic nanoparticleselected from the group consisting of gold, ferric oxide, magnetite,maghemite, gadolinium-doped cobalt ferrite, and combinations thereof.16. The method of claim 7, wherein the shell has a thickness of fromabout 2 nm to about 200 nm.
 17. The method of claim 7, wherein the atleast one nanoparticle has a size of from about 5 nm to about 100 nm.18. The method of claim 7, wherein the at least one nanoparticle has adiameter of from about 5 nm to about 270 nm.
 19. An incubator-actuatordevice for simultaneous optical irradiation and oscillating magneticfield irradiation of a mammalian cell, the device comprising: a samplechamber, a magnetic field generating coil, and, a light-emitting diode(LED) placement cage.
 20. A system for simultaneous optical irradiationand oscillating magnetic field radiation of a mammalian cell, the systemcomprising: an incubator-actuator device comprising a sample chamber, amagnetic field generating coil and a light-emitting diode (LED)placement cage; and, a laser.